ERK (Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase) signaling is a crucial pathway in cells that regulates various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The pathway is activated by various extracellular signals, such as growth factors, hormones, and cytokines, which bind to cell surface receptors and initiate a cascade of phosphorylation events that ultimately activate ERK. ERK signaling plays a key role in cancer, as dysregulation of this pathway is commonly observed in many types of cancer. The pathway is also involved in other diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammatory conditions. Researchers study ERK signaling to understand its role in normal cellular processes and disease, as well as to identify potential therapeutic targets for conditions in which the pathway is aberrantly activated. Numerous studies have been conducted to elucidate the complex network of interactions and feedback mechanisms within the ERK signaling pathway.